This section describes all of the PipeDream commands that are available in each menu. To understand this chapter, you should already be familiar with the basic concepts of using PipeDream described in Section Two - Using PipeDream.

All commands can be typed directly from the keyboard, as well as chosen from the appropriate menu. The keyboard equivalent for each command is shown to the right of the command name in the menu. For example, the Replicate command on the BLOCKS menu appears as

Replicate BRE

This means that you can give the Replicate command by typing the  key followed by the keys B R E. Note that the letters do not need to be in capitals:  b r e has the same effect. Also, you can hold down the  key while typing the letter keys if you prefer.

When, as in this example, the command equivalent is a sequence of two or three letters, the first letter will usually be the first letter of the menu name. For frequently-used commands, the key equivalent is a single letter with the  key (in a very few cases the  key). For example, the Mark Block command on the BLOCKS menu has the equivalent Z.

Note that in the following screen diagrams the highlighting bar has been omitted for clarity.

Setting the options

Some commands present you with a table of options which allow you to set up the command to your requirements.

To begin with, the cursor is positioned next to the first option; the cursor keys can be' used as normal to move up and down the list.

Many of the options have only two possible alternatives: Yes and No. You can change the value shown either by typing Y or N as appropriate, or by using the Next Option command, J, which alternates between the available values. In the case of options which take specific values, such as Page Length, Next Option restores the default value.

 

 

Altering the layout - LAYOUT

The commands in the LAYOUT menu allow you to specify how the information entered in a document is displayed.

You can alter the width that any column occupies, and the column's right-hand margin, which determines the point at which lines of text entered into that column wrap onto the next line.

You can also fix rows above the cursor position and columns to the left of the cursor position so that you can see information on one part of the document while editing information on another part.

Column widths and margins

Width - W

Specifies the width that a column occupies on the document. The following options are displayed:

New width
Specify column                    No 

If no column is specified, the column currently containing the cursor is assumed.

Set Margin - H

Alters the right-hand margin of a specified column. The margin is indicated by the right-hand margin pointer, , on the top border, and determines the point at which text typed into the column will wrap onto the next line.

This command determines the area over which text is to be formatted within the column; thus, if the width is set to zero, it will be equal to the column width, and there will be no margin. The following options are displayed:

New width
Specify column                    No 

If no column is specified, the column containing the cursor will be assumed.

Margin Left -  
Margin Right -  

These commands allow you to move the right-hand margin for a number of columns simultaneously.

The commands move the right-hand margin pointer, , for the column containing the cursor one character position to the left or right respectively. They also set the wrap point of all columns between the current column and the wrap point so that they wrap at the same position.

Widths and margins in a multi-column document

By default, the wrap point for all columns is set to the right-hand edge of the screen, which is most appropriate for creating tables of information within a single column of text. The Insert on wrap option on the Options Page is initially set to Rows, ensuring that information in adjacent columns will remain aligned.

It is also possible to create a document with two or more independent columns of text, like the layout of a newspaper.

You do this by moving the right-hand margin for each column to the right-hand edge of the column. Setting the Insert on wrap Options Page option to Columns will then ensure that the text in each column can be edited without affecting adjacent columns.

For example, the following steps can be used to create the three-column document shown below.

1. Set the widths of columns A, B, and C to 24, by giving the Width command on the LAYOUT menu with the options

   New width                         24
Specify column                    Yes A

   New width                         24
Specify column                    Yes B

   New width                         24
Specify column                    Yes C

2. With the cursor in column A, move the right-hand margin to the right-hand edge of column A by pressing  until the right-hand margin pointer is just to the left of the A on the top border; see the diagram below. This will also position the left margin for columns B and C to the right-hand edge of those columns.
3. Enter the Options Page, by typing O, and alter the Insert on wrap option to Columns by pressing until the cursor is on the option line, and typing C to alter it to

Insert on wrap                    C

Press 

 to exit from the Options Page.

4.  Type the required text into each column; it will format automatically within the column width.

Alignment

Text can be aligned in one of the following ways:

1. Left-aligned with the left-hand edge of the column.
2. Right-aligned with the right-hand margin pointer.
3. Centred between the left-hand edge of the column and the right-hand margin pointer.
4. Components of the line can be left-aligned, centred, and right-aligned (LCR alignment).

Text in a slot which has been aligned with one of the Align commands will not be reformatted by the Format Paragraph command.

The results of expression slots can similarly be displayed left-aligned, centred, or right-aligned over the width of the column.

Right ight Align -  LAR
Left Align -  LAL

Aligns the text in the current slot to the right or left of the wrap-width of the current column, respectively. The alignment will be displayed when the cursor is moved off the slot. The Left Align command can, for example, be used to prevent text in a table from being inadvertently re-formatted with the Format Paragraph command.

Centre Align -  LAC

Centres the text in the slot containing the cursor, or a marked block of slots, over the wrap-width of the column containing it.

LCR Align -  LLCR

Aligns components of the slot containing the cursor, or the slots within a marked block, to the left, centre, and right of the column's text wrap-width. The line has the format

/left/centre/right/

where left, centre, and right represent text which will be respectively left-aligned, centred and right-aligned, and '/' represents an arbitrary delimiter, which must not occur elsewhere in the line of text.

Free Align -  LAF

Removes the alignment from a slot containing the cursor, or a marked block of slots. Text, or the results of expression slots, will be left-aligned in the slot.

Fixing rows and columns 

Fix Row -  LFR 

Fixes the row containing the cursor, and all rows above it, on the screen. If borders are displayed, the fixed rows are identified with horizontal lines in the left-hand border. Moving the cursor up or down on the document will scroll only those rows which have not been fixed, so the cursor can be moved to another part of the document while retaining the fixed rows on the screen. Giving the Fix Row command again frees the rows and restores the document to its original state.

Fix Column - LFC

Fixes the column containing the cursor, and all columns to its left, on the screen. If borders are displayed, the fixed columns are identified in the top border by solid lines. If the cursor is moved on the document, only the columns that have not been fixed will scroll, so that the cursor can be moved to another part of the document while retaining the fixed columns on the screen. Giving the Fix Column command again frees the columns.

For example, the top row of headings and leftmost column of labels have been fixed in the following document by giving the commands LFR and LFC with the cursor in slot A1:

The cursor can then be moved around to scroll the document while keeping the column headings and row labels in view.

Number formats 

Expressions can be displayed with a specified number of decimal places, or in free format. Negative numbers can be displayed either with a minus sign, or with brackets as in financial notation. The results of expression slots can also be displayed with one or more leading characters, such as '£' and one or more trailing characters, such as '%'. The leading and trailing characters for the document are specified in the Options Page.

The format in which any expression slot is displayed can be restored to the default specified in the Options Page by the Default Format command.

All the format commands can be applied either to the single slot containing the cursor, or to a block of slots by marking them before giving the command.

Decimal Places - LDP 

Sets the number of decimal places displayed by an expression slot, or a marked block of expression slots. Gives the prompt

Number of decimal places 
Floating format                       No

The number of decimal places may be set to a value from 0 to 9, or floating format may be specified which uses the display format giving the most significant figures displayed in the available width.

Sign Brackets - LSB
Sign Minus - LSM 

Specify that negative values in an expression slot or marked block of expression slots should be displayed in financial notation, enclosed in brackets, or with a minus sign prefix respectively.

Leading Characters - LCL 
Trailing Characters - LCT 

Specify that the leading or trailing characters defined in the Options Page should be displayed for the expression slot contained in the cursor or the marked block of expression slots. The default leading and trailing characters are '£' and '%' respectively, and these can be altered on the Options Page.

Default Format - LDF 

Restores the expression slot containing the cursor, or a marked block of expression slots, to the default format as specified on the Options Page. Once any element of an expression slot's format has been altered with one of the commands Decimal Places, Sign Brackets, Sign Minus, Leading Characters or Trailing Characters, the slot's format is frozen and not be affected by subsequent alterations to the Options Page. Giving the Default Format command removes any specific format set on the slot.

Document options - OPTIONS

The OPTIONS menu contains only one command, Options Page, or O, which displays a page of information about the current document together with the global settings which may be altered to effect the way that commands operate on the document.

You can return to a PipeDream document by pressing the  

 key.

Information lines 

The right-hand column of the Options Page display gives information about the current document.

File 

The name of the document previously loaded with the Load command, or the name assigned to a document by the Name command (FC) on the FILES menu. If no name has been specified, it will show

No File

The name will also appear on the SUSPENDED ACTIVITIES list in the Index display.

Page 

Shows the current page number of the line containing the cursor. This will correspond to the page numbering when the document is printed unless rows are fixed with the Fix Row command on the LAYOUT menu, or the Options Page page-length setting has been set to zero.

Insert/Overtype 

Shows the current text entry mode selected by the Insert/Overtype command on the EDIT menu. The mode initially selected is Insert mode.

Microspace 

Normally blank, displays the word Microspace if the microspace option has been selected from the PRINT menu.

Free 

Displays the amount of space remaining for characters in the current document, to the nearest multiple of 256 characters. It is inadvisable to continue typing text into a document if there are less than approximately 300 free characters. In such a situation you are advised to make space in memory by freeing activities, or deleting files.

Option lines 

This page is used to determine how text and expressions are displayed in a document (including the default setting for the display of expression results) and to set up the layout of a document ready for printing, specifying headers and footers, and margins at the top, bottom and left of the page. In addition, you can control the length of the page, the spacing of text, and the page numbering.

Altering options - Next Option 

As with many other commands, Next Option, J will alternate between two available values, for example Y and N for Yes and No, or T and N for Text and Numbers. Alternatively, these values can be changed by typing the appropriate letter. In the case of options with more than two possible values, J will set the option back to its default value.

Other options can be altered by moving the cursor to the appropriate item, with the and  keys, and then editing the item with the line-editing commands  , , 

 key and G or   to delete the character under the cursor. In numeric fields, such as Page length, Overtype mode is automatically set irrespective of the current Overtype/Insert mode setting.

In the following list of options the default value is shown against each option.

Text format 

Determines the formatting of text in the document.

Text/Numbers (T) 

Set to T (Text) to make the default slot format text slots, or N (Numbers) for expression slots. In Numbers mode there is no need to type X before entering an expression, and the cursor keys  and   will move directly between slots containing expressions; ie behave like  

 and   .

Borders (Y) 

Set to Y (Yes) to display borders, or N (No) to hide borders. Hiding the borders allows a larger area of the sheet to be displayed, and can be useful for word-processing applications.

Justify (N) 

Set to N (No justify) for ragged right margins, or Y (Yes) for even right-hand margins. To reformat a paragraph of text after changing this option, give the Format Paragraph command, R.

Wrap (Y) 

Set to Y (Yes) to make text wrap automatically at the wrap point, or N (No) for no wrapping.

Insert on wrap (R) 

Set to R (Rows) to maintain alignment between adjacent rows, or C (Columns) for creating independent columns of text; see Widths and margins in a multi-column document, p. 129.

Recalculation mode 

The Calc options determine how expression slots are recalculated in the document.

Auto/Man (A) 

Determines the recalculation of expression slots on the document.

Set to A (Automatic) to recalculate the document every time an expression slot changes or M (Manual) for recalculation only with the A command. This option can be set to M to make entering data into a large spreadsheet, or working with large text documents, faster.

Columns/Rows (C) 

Select the order of recalculation: R (Rows) across rows first, or C (Columns) down columns first.

Number formats 

Determine the default display format for numerical expression slots.

Decimal places (2) 

Select 0 to 9 decimal places or F for free format.

Minus/brackets (M) 

Select M (Minus) to display negative numbers with a minus sign, or B (Brackets) for financial bracketed notation.

Lead chs. (£)
Trail chs. (%) 

Specify up to 4 characters to be displayed in front of or after expression slots with LCL or LCT set.

Page format 

Determines the spacing and pagination of the document when printed.

Page length (66) 

Set to between 1 and 127 to specify the number of lines on each page, including margins, footer and header, or 0 to suppress page breaks altogether.

Line spacing (1) 

You can specify from 0 to 255 additional blank lines to be inserted between each line of text.

Start page 

You can set the current page number to 0 to 255.

Headers, footers, and margins 

You can specify an additional header or footer line of text to appear at the top or bottom of each printed page respectively. Each line of text can consist of up to three components, which will be left-aligned, centred, and right-aligned.

The left margin, and the margins above and below the header and footer, and between the header and footer and the page of text, can be separately altered to determine the layout of the printed page.

Note that if a header or footer are specified, the number of lines of text on each page will be reduced accordingly.

The complete page layout, with headers and footers and their associated margins, will be represented on the page map display at the right-hand side of the PipeDream screen.

Header 
Footer 

You can specify lines of text which will be printed out at the head and foot of each page. Each line has the format

/left/centre/right/

where left, centre, and right represent text which will be respectively left-aligned, centred and right-aligned, and '/' represents an arbitrary delimiter, which must not occur elsewhere in the line of text.

Title 

A line of up to 244 characters can be entered in this field as a title for the document. The title can be included in the document, or in the footer or header, by giving the @T@ field; see p. 153.

Margins 

You can specify the number of blank lines, from 0 to 255, to be left above the header, between header and text, between text and footer, and below the footer respectively. The left margin can specify a margin of 0 to 255 characters at the left of each page:

Margins: Top 0
      Header 2
      Footer 2
      Bottom 8
        Left 0

For example, a typical set-up might be

Margins: Top 2
      Header 2
      Footer 2
      Bottom 2 
        Left 6
      Header /@T@//Maxo Ltd/ 
      Footer //Page @P@//

       Title Quarterly Report 

The @-field @P@ will be replaced by the current page number, and the @-field @T@ by the Title. The resulting page layout would be as follows:

Printing documents - PRINT

The commands on the PRINT menu allow you to print your document and to take advantage of facilities offered by the printer, such as bold and underlined text, and alternative fonts.

Print - PO 

Prints all or part of a document. The following options are displayed:

Print only range of columns           No
Select rows to print                  No
Wait between pages                    No 

By default, the Print command prints the whole of the current document with no pause between pages.

The starting page number is determined by the Options Page Start page setting, except when printing a marked block, or selected rows. In this case the pages will be numbered, starting at 1, and soft page breaks will be ignored.

Print only range of columns: setting this option to Yes will allow a column range to be specified. The column range should be given as two column labels, separated by a space. Only the columns within the specified range (inclusive) will be printed.

Select rows to print: setting this option to Yes will allow an expression to be entered. Rows will only be printed if the expression evaluates to a true or nonzero result. The expression can contain slot references; after each row the slot references are updated by one row, unless they are fixed with the $ operator.

For example, a document containing text in column B could use column A to contain a '*' character, indicating the latest revisions to the document. To print out only the revised lines the option

Select rows to print                  Yes A1="*"

could be specified. See also Printing selected rows, p. 57, for an example.

Wait between pages: setting this option to Yes gives a prompt between pages to allow single sheets to be inserted into the printer. The prompt

Page n ..

is displayed, where n is the page number. You can then press one of the following keys to control printing:

M to miss the page
C to continue printing all remaining pages without further prompting
Any other character (eg the space bar) to print the page  

 to abandon printing.

Printing a marked block: if a block of slots is marked when the Print command is given, only the marked slots will be printed.

Multi-file documents: if the Print command is given in a multi-file document, the current document will be saved if it is modified, and the entire multi-file document will be printed, starting with the first file.

Microspace pitch PM 

Selects microspaced printed output. Gives the prompt

Microspace printed output             No 

Changing the option to Yes and pressing  

 causes subsequent output to be microspaced at the default spacing of 12/120ths of an inch, giving a pitch of 10 characters per inch. A number can be entered to specify an alternative spacing. For example, entering 10 gives 12 characters per inch. Microspace is displayed at the top right-hand corner of the Options Page display if it has been selected.

Highlighting text 

You can alter the style of text in your document by inserting one of eight highlight codes in front of the text, and the same code after the text to revert back to normal.

Highlight codes

The recommended assignment of the eight codes is as follows:

To obtain the right results when these codes are printed you may need to create a printer driver; see Section Nine - The Printer Editor.

The codes are inserted into text with the following commands:

These commands insert the corresponding highlight code at the current cursor position. Successive occurrences of a highlight code enable and disable the corresponding printer facility.

The effect of highlights 1, 2, 3, and 4 (underline, bold, extended sequences, and italic text styles) are displayed on the screen as underlined, bold, grey, and tiny characters respectively when the cursor is moved onto another slot. When the cursor is on the same slot, all highlight codes are displayed as the corresponding highlighted numbers 1 to 8.

Highlight characters are considered to be of zero width for formatting and justification.

Note: You can use  

 to create an 'exact space' character. This may help to create continuous underlining of titles etc.

Insert Highlights - PHI 

Inserts a specified highlight number in the text at the cursor position. Gives the prompt

Highlight number

Typing in a number between 1 and 8, followed by  

, will insert the corresponding highlight code into the text.

Remove Highlights - PHR 

Removes all occurrences of a specified highlight number from a given marked block of text. Gives the prompt

Highlight number

Typing a number between 1 and 8 followed by  

 will remove all occurrences of the corresponding highlight from the marked block.

Highlight Block - PHB 

Highlights all words within a marked block of text with a given highlight number. Gives the prompt

Highlight number

Typing a number between 1 and 8 will remove any existing highlights of the same number and highlight all words in the marked block with pairs of the specified highlight character. Because individual words are highlighted, reformatting the highlighted block of text will leave the selected text correctly highlighted, and text will be printed correctly even if the highlighted block extends over a page break.

Expression slots

Any slot in a PipeDream document can be designated as an expression slot, in which case the expression you type into it will be evaluated, and the result will be displayed in the corresponding position in the document.

An expression is entered by giving the Edit Expression command on the EDIT menu, or by typing X. The cursor will then move to the editing line, at the top of the screen, until the expression is entered by typing 

.

Alternatively, if the Options Page Text/Numbers option is set to N, all entries are taken as expressions.

Expressions 

Expressions can consist of numbers, functions performing operations on other expressions, references to other slots, or a combination of these combined by mathematical operators. Expressions can give a numerical result, a date, or a string of text. Illegal expressions will give an error as their result.

Numbers 

Numbers can be expressed in normal notation, or scientific notation. For example,

1, -1.7632, 1.4e27, 0.001

All calculations are performed to an accuracy of nine decimal places and numbers may lie between 1e38 and 1e-38.

Strings 

Strings are entered between double quotes, and may contain spaces. A slot reference to a text slot returns a string.

Slot references

The form of a slot reference is

column-label row-number

separated by optional spaces, where

column-label designates one of the 64 columns, A to Z, followed by AA to BN, and

row-number is from 1 to 32768.

Slot references are normally 'relative'; the reference will be updated if the position of the slot containing the reference changes relative to other slots.

Each half of the slot reference may be 'fixed' by preceding the column letter or the row number by a dollar sign. The possibilities are:

The fixed part of a reference is not altered when copied with the Replicate or Copy commands on the BLOCKS menu, or when placed in a selection expression for the Save and Print commands on the FILES and PRINT menus respectively.

When a slot to which a slot reference refers is deleted, the slot reference is marked with a '%' sign to indicate that the reference is no longer valid. The expression containing the slot reference will display the Badslot error message.

Specifying a block of slots - Ranges

You can perform some functions on a block of slots, specified by the top left-hand corner of the block followed by the bottom right-hand corner of the block.

For example

A2 D8 

specifies all the slots in the block between columns A and D, and rows 2 and 8 inclusive.

In some cases the function only makes sense if the range is restricted to a single row (a 'row range') as in A1 D1, or a single column (a 'column range'), as in B8 B20.

Specifying several slots - Lists 

Functions are available to count, choose from, or find the maximum or minimum of a list of elements. The elements in a list are separated by commas and can be simple slot references, or ranges. Each slot in a range is considered as a separate list element. For example,

13, B1 B5, C7,

is a list containing the 7 elements 13, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, and C7.

Dates 

Dates are entered in the format

DD.MM.YYYY or MM.DD.YYYY

depending on whether the Panel date-format setting is European or American.

Dates can be sorted into chronological order, and the functions DAY, MONTH, and YEAR can be used to extract the values of the date's day, month, and year respectively.

Operators 

The following operators can be used within expressions

Arithmetic 

The arithmetic operators take two numbers as operands.

Also, '+' and '-' may be used on date values. For example

12.10.1987 + 127

will return the date 127 days after 12 October 87, or 16.2.88, assuming that European date format has been selected.

Relational

The relational operators can compare dates, strings, and numbers. Both operands must be of the same type, and the result is a logical value of FALSE=0 and TRUE=1.

When strings are being compared, the following wildcards (as in the Replace command) can be included in the second string:

Logical 

The logical operators operate on numeric or logical values. Boolean FALSE is taken as zero, TRUE as non-zero.

Functions 

ABS Absolute value 

ABS(number)

Returns the absolute positive value of the argument.

ACS Arc cosine 

ACS(number)

Returns the arc cosine of the argument, in radians.

ASN Arc sine 

ASN(number)

Returns the arc sine of the argument, in radians.

ATN Arc tangent

ATN(number)

Returns the arc tangent of the argument, in radians.

CHOOSE Choose element from list 

CHOOSE(list)

Returns an element from the list, using the value of the first element as an index into the remaining elements. For example, if B4 contains 17.2.1987

CHOOSE (MONTH(B4),"jan","feb","mar","apr")

gives the result feb.

COL Column 

COL

The value of the column in which it is evaluated. Column A is 1, column B is 2, etc.

COS Cosine

COS(radians)

Returns the cosine of the argument.

COUNT Count the number of elements

COUNT(list)

Returns the number of non-blank slots in the list.

DAY Day of date

DAY(date)

Returns the day number of a date argument.

For example, if slot A1 contains 17.3.1961, then DAY (A1) returns 17

DEG Degrees from radians

DEG(radians)

Converts the argument, taken in radians, into degrees.

EXP Exponent

EXP(number)

Returns the constant e (2.71828184..) raised to the specified power.

IF Conditional expression

IF(boolean,then,else)

If the value of the first argument is TRUE, ie non-zero, the function returns then; otherwise the function returns else.

For example, if slot A1 contains -23,

IF(A1 <0,"Debit","Credit")

would return Debit.

INDEX Index slot

INDEX(column,row)

Returns the evaluated expression or string found at coordinates column, row.

For example, if A2 contained IF(100,"Debit","Credit")

INDEX(1,2)

would return Credit.

INT Integer part

INT(number)

Returns the integer part of the argument.

LN Logarithm to base e 

LN(number)

Returns the natural logarithm, log_e of the argument.

LOG Logarithm to base 10

LOG(number)

Returns the logarithm to base 10 of the argument.

LOOKUP Look up value in a table

LOOKUP(key,range1,range2)

Returns the value in range2 corresponding to the position that key occurs in range1.

key must be a cell reference. For example, the following sheet would result if LOOKUP(A3,A1 F1,A2 F2) were placed at B4:

If an exact match is found in range1, the function returns the value of the slot the same number of slots from the beginning of the second range.

If key is not found in range1, the function returns the error

Lookup

Wildcards '^?' and '^#' may be included in key.

MAX Maximum value in list

MAX(list)

Returns the maximum value from the slots in the list.

MIN Minimum value in list

MIN(list)

Returns the minimum value from the slots in the list.

MONTH Month of date

MONTH(date)

Returns the month number of its date argument.

For example, if A1 contains 12.6.1987 then MONTH(A1) returns 6.

PI π

PI

Returns the value 3.141592653.

RAD Radians from degrees

RAD(degrees)

Returns the argument, taken as degrees, converted into radians.

ROW Row

ROW

The value of the row in which it is evaluated.

SGN Sign

SGN(number)

Returns -1, 0, or 1 depending on whether the argument is negative, zero, or positive respectively.

SIN Sine

SIN(radians)

Returns the sine of the argument, in radians.

SQR Square root

SQR(number)

Returns the positive square-root of its argument.

SUM Sum

SUM(list)

Returns the sum of the slots in the list.

TAN Tangent

TAN(radians)

Returns the tangent of the argument, in radians.

YEAR Year of date

Returns the year number of its date argument.

For example, if A1 contains 12.6.1987 then YEAR(A1) returns 87.

@ Fields

You can include the page number, the date, the file title from the Options Page, or the value of any expression slot within text in your document using the special PipeDream @-fields.

The following @ fields are available:

One or more '@' characters should be given after the identifier to determine the size of the @ field for formatting. For example,

@P@@@@ 

creates a field of four characters. Provided the value to be displayed is less than the size of the @-field, the line will be justified correctly.

The field:

@ref@@@@@ 

will reserve five characters for the value of the slot indicated by the reference.

If it is an expression slot, the value will be displayed in the same format as in the slot itself, with alignment ignored.

When the cursor is not on a text slot with an @ field in it, the slot shows the value of the @ field. When the cursor is moved onto the slot, the actual @ identifier is shown, for editing.