Using machine code in BBC BASIC is best suited with allocating dynamic memory with DIM and then storing (assembling) the code to that area. If you don't assemble but have code ready, eg. loaded directly with PROC_lbytes, it is necessary that your machine code is relocatable, ie. contains no absolute address references (the machine code assumes that it is located at a certain ORG position in memory). You can relocatable code by omitting CALL and JP instructions and only use JR and DJNZ (jump relative) instruction. However, your program cannot be very large since relative jumps only range +/- 128 bytes in either direction from the instruction.
You can make truly relocatable machine code with the Mpm assembler, which is an integrated part of the Z88 Assembler Workbench. By using the '-R' option a small header is generated together with your code. The header contains a relocater routine and a relocation table. When your code is executed, it is automatically relocated to the current position in memory (just once). Subsequent calls to the code will just execute your code and not the relocater. With this option you can always store your machine code utilities with PROC_sbytes and at a later time allocate space with DIM for your code, and just load it into appropriate BBC BASIC memory. The code may be placed anywhere (in RAM).
The Mpm assembler generates the relocation table, when parsing the source code for compilation of the binary executable code. The relocator routine that is used by Mpm is made available here for convenience:
MODULE relocatorXDEF relocator, SIZEOF_relocator
; *************************************************************************
;
; This routine will relocate a machine code program.
; A relocation table is placed immediatly after the relocation routine.
;
; The program that is to be relocated and executed are placed immediately
; after the relocation table.
;
; The relocation routine expects IY to point at the start address, entry
; of the relocater. The relocater then calculates the correct origin for
; the relocated program. The BBC BASIC on the Z88 also setups the IY register
; during a BBC BASIC CALL command to execute local machine code.
;
; After completed relocation, the entry of the relocater is patched to
; JP which jumps directly to the executing program, if the relocated
; code is called again.
;
; The following registers are affected by the initial relocation process:
; AFBCDEHL/IX../........ same
; ......../..IY/afbcdehl different
;
; As indicated above the outside world cannot use the alternate registers
; as parameter interface to the relocated program - they are smashed by the
; relocater.
;
.relocator ex af,af' ; preserve AF
exx ; preserve BC, DE, HL
push iy
pop hl
ld bc, #end_relocator-relocator
add hl,bc ; absolute address of relocation table
ld e,(hl)
inc hl
ld d,(hl)
push de ; DE = total of relocation offset elements
inc hl
ld c,(hl)
inc hl
ld b,(hl) ; total size of relocation offset elements
inc hl
push hl ; preserve pointer to first relocation offset element
add hl,bc
ld b,h ; HL = pointer to current relocation address
ld c,l ; BC = program ORG, first byte of program
.relocate_loop ex (sp),hl ; HL = pointer to relocation offset element
ld a,(hl)
inc hl ; ready for next relocation offset pointer
or a
jr nz, byte_offset
.extended_offset ld e,(hl)
inc hl
ld d,(hl) ; DE = extended offset pointer to next relocation address
inc hl ; ready for next relocation offset pointer
jr relocate_address
.byte_offset ld d,0
ld e,a ; offset pointer to next relocation address
.relocate_address ex (sp),hl ; HL = pointer to current relocation address
add hl,de ; new pointer at memory that contains relocation address
ld e,(hl)
inc hl
ld d,(hl)
ex de,hl
add hl,bc ; HL = address relocated to program ORG in BC
ex de,hl
ld (hl),d
dec hl
ld (hl),e ; update relocated address back to memory
pop de ; DE = pointer to relocation offset
ex (sp),hl ; HL = index counter
dec hl ; update index counter
ld a,h
or l ; all addresses relocated?
ex (sp),hl ; index counter back on stack
push de ; pointer to relocation offset back on stack
jr nz, relocate_loop
pop af
pop af ; remove redundant variables
; relocation of program completed. Patch the entry of the relocater to JP that
; jumps directly to the executing program, if the loaded program is executed again.
; Finish with restoring main registers and then execute program.
;
.relocation_finished
ld (iy+0),$C3
ld (iy+1),c
ld (iy+2),b ; patch entry to JP , the relocated program
exx ; swap back to main BC, DE, HL
ex af,af' ; and main AF
jp (iy) ; execute relocated program...
.end_relocator
DEFC SIZEOF_relocator = end_relocator - relocator
; ******************************************************************************
;
; The relocation table is placed here by the Mpm assembler.
; The format of the generated table is:
;
; total_elements ds.w 1
; sizeof_table ds.w 1
; patchpointer_0 ds.b 1 --+
; patchpointer_1 ds.b 1 |
; .... | sizeof_table
; .... |
; patchpointer_n ds.b 1 --+
;
; The first patch pointer is an offset from the start of the program (.routine)
; to the first position of a location that contains a relocatable address.
; The following patchpointers are relative offsets from the current relocated
; address to the next.
; If the offset distance is larger than 255 bytes between two relocatable
; addresses, the following patchpointer is used:
;
; 0,<16bit patchpointer>
;
; which denotes the an offset from the current relocated address to the next.
; The 16 bit patch pointer is stored in the low byte, high byte order.
;
.routine
; the machine code to be relocated is placed immediately after the relocation table |
MODULE relocator
XDEF relocator, SIZEOF_relocator
; *************************************************************************;; This routine will relocate a machine code program.; A relocation table is placed immediatly after the relocation routine.;; The program that is to be relocated and executed are placed immediately; after the relocation table.;; The relocation routine expects IY to point at the start address, entry; of the relocater. The relocater then calculates the correct origin for; the relocated program. The BBC BASIC on the Z88 also setups the IY register; during a BBC BASIC CALL command to execute local machine code.;; After completed relocation, the entry of the relocater is patched to; JP <nn> which jumps directly to the executing program, if the relocated; code is called again.;; The following registers are affected by the initial relocation process:; AFBCDEHL/IX../........ same; ......../..IY/afbcdehl different;; As indicated above the outside world cannot use the alternate registers; as parameter interface to the relocated program - they are smashed by the; relocater.;.relocator ex af,af' ; preserve AF exx ; preserve BC, DE, HL push iy pop hl ld bc, #end_relocator-relocator
add hl,bc ; absolute address of relocation table
ld e,(hl) inc hl ld d,(hl) push de ; DE = total of relocation offset elements inc hl ld c,(hl) inc hl ld b,(hl) ; total size of relocation offset elements inc hl push hl ; preserve pointer to first relocation offset element add hl,bc ld b,h ; HL = pointer to current relocation address ld c,l ; BC = program ORG, first byte of program
.relocate_loop ex (sp),hl ; HL = pointer to relocation offset element ld a,(hl) inc hl ; ready for next relocation offset pointer or a jr nz, byte_offset.extended_offset ld e,(hl) inc hl ld d,(hl) ; DE = extended offset pointer to next relocation address inc hl ; ready for next relocation offset pointer jr relocate_address
.byte_offset ld d,0 ld e,a ; offset pointer to next relocation address.relocate_address ex (sp),hl ; HL = pointer to current relocation address add hl,de ; new pointer at memory that contains relocation address ld e,(hl) inc hl ld d,(hl) ex de,hl add hl,bc ; HL = address relocated to program ORG in BC ex de,hl ld (hl),d dec hl ld (hl),e ; update relocated address back to memory
pop de ; DE = pointer to relocation offset ex (sp),hl ; HL = index counter dec hl ; update index counter ld a,h or l ; all addresses relocated? ex (sp),hl ; index counter back on stack push de ; pointer to relocation offset back on stack jr nz, relocate_loop pop af pop af ; remove redundant variables
; relocation of program completed. Patch the entry of the relocater to JP <nn> that; jumps directly to the executing program, if the loaded program is executed again.; Finish with restoring main registers and then execute program.;.relocation_finished ld (iy+0),$C3 ld (iy+1),c ld (iy+2),b ; patch entry to JP <nn>, the relocated program exx ; swap back to main BC, DE, HL ex af,af' ; and main AF jp (iy) ; execute relocated program....end_relocator
DEFC SIZEOF_relocator = end_relocator - relocator
; ******************************************************************************;; The relocation table is placed here by the Mpm assembler.; The format of the generated table is:;; total_elements ds.w 1; sizeof_table ds.w 1; patchpointer_0 ds.b 1 --+; patchpointer_1 ds.b 1 |; .... | sizeof_table; .... |; patchpointer_n ds.b 1 --+;; The first patch pointer is an offset from the start of the program (.routine); to the first position of a location that contains a relocatable address.; The following patchpointers are relative offsets from the current relocated; address to the next.; If the offset distance is larger than 255 bytes between two relocatable; addresses, the following patchpointer is used:;; 0,<16bit patchpointer>;; which denotes the an offset from the current relocated address to the next.; The 16 bit patch pointer is stored in the low byte, high byte order.;
.routine; the machine code to be relocated is placed immediately after the relocation table